Journal

Concise regulatory reading

New laws and regulations, and what we see in day-to-day practice — written in the language of the decision-maker, not of the legal memorandum.

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The Profession & Legal Education · 12 July 2025 · 7 min read

Frameworks for Legal Analysis and Writing

In professional legal analysis, a lawyer or legal counsel does not rely on reasoning alone but works from established frameworks, used in preparing legal memoranda, submissions and legal opinions. The frameworks that follow are among the best-known instruments in this field.

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The Profession & Legal Education · 12 July 2025 · 3 min read

Careers in Law

Legal roles are among the key pillars of both the public and the private sector, bound up as they are directly with the protection of rights, the ordering of relations, and compliance with applicable regulations. The legal market is seeing a growing variety of titles and career paths as applicable r

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The Profession & Legal Education · 12 July 2025 · 3 min read

Legal Identity

Legal identity is the essential way into understanding the relationship between the individual and the state, and between individuals and the legal entities of a society. It is what confers on a person the legal standing that qualifies them to acquire rights and to bear obligations. Legal identity h

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The Profession & Legal Education · 12 July 2025 · 2 min read

Partnerships in the Legal Sector

Legal partnerships offer a strategic framework for widening the scope of a practice, exchanging knowledge, and raising professional capacity in the legal sector. They take many forms according to their purpose and their legal nature, and may be classified as follows:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 12 July 2025 · 3 min read

Legal Marketing

As competition in the market for legal services intensifies, legal marketing has become an indispensable strategic instrument for strengthening the professional presence of lawyers and law firms and widening their reach to clients. Yet the particular character of the profession, bound up as it is wi

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Civil Law Foundations · 15 February 2025 · 4 min read

Contract Law: The Concept, the Kinds, and Why It Matters

Contract law is among the essential pillars governing legal relations between individuals, companies and institutions, thereby defining the mutual rights and obligations of the contracting parties. The contract plays a fundamental part in easing commercial and service dealings and in securing the pe

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Corporate & Investment · 15 February 2025 · 4 min read

Partnership Agreements: The Concept, the Kinds, and What They Offer

Partnership agreements are among the most important legal instruments governing commercial relations between individuals or companies for the pursuit of profit and the sharing of responsibility. They set the legal framework that keeps each party's rights and obligations plain, and so help build part

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Real Estate · 15 February 2025 · 4 min read

Construction Contracts: The Kinds, the Essential Elements, and the Legal Difficulties

Construction contracts are among the important contracts of the building sector, governing the relationship between the owner (the project's principal) and the contractor (who carries out the work), and setting out the obligations and rights of both. Such contracts serve to fix the scope of the work

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The Profession & Legal Education · 15 February 2025 · 4 min read

Law Firms in Saudi Arabia: The Present State and the Difficulties

Law firms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are an essential part of the legal and economic framework, providing legal advice and representation before courts to individuals, companies and government bodies. With legislation developing quickly and under Vision 2030, these firms have come to play a pivo

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The Profession & Legal Education · 15 February 2025 · 4 min read

The Historical Development of Law

Law is a body of rules governing relations between individuals within a society, setting out rights and duties, and setting penalties for those who transgress them. It arose by degrees out of the need for an order that would secure safety and stability, and it developed through the ages to keep pace

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The Profession & Legal Education · 25 January 2025 · 3 min read

How to Choose a Law Firm

Choosing a law firm is among the decisions that most affect the success of a business and the protection of the legal rights of individuals and companies alike. As the law grows more intricate and legal specialisms multiply, it becomes necessary to set clear criteria for choosing a firm that answers

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The Profession & Legal Education · 25 January 2025 · 4 min read

Translating Contracts and Legal Documents: The Difficulties and Why They Matter

The translation of contracts and legal documents is among the most sensitive and intricate fields of translation. Given the exacting nature of legal texts and their direct affecting rights and obligations, any error in translation may produce legal consequences that were never intended, and may give

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Corporate & Investment · 25 January 2025 · 3 min read

Non-Disclosure Agreements: Protecting Trade Secrets and Sensitive Information

The non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is among the essential legal instruments used to protect sensitive information, whether commercial, technical or even personal. Such agreements play a pivotal part in the world of business, particularly as the sharing of data and innovations between parties grows m

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Corporate & Investment · 25 January 2025 · 3 min read

Foreign Investment in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia is among the fastest growing markets in the world, and has taken considerable steps to strengthen its foreign investment environment and make it more attractive to international investors. Under Saudi Vision 2030, legal and regulatory reforms have been introduced to ease direct foreign

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The Profession & Legal Education · 25 January 2025 · 2 min read

Legal Training

Legal training is a decisive step in preparing lawyers and legal counsel: it is the passage between studying the law in theory and practicing it in fact. Its purpose is to equip trainees with the practical skills the legal sector demands, and to deepen their grasp of legal texts by applying them to

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Litigation & Enforcement · 25 January 2025 · 4 min read

Arbitration: An Effective Means of Settling Disputes

Arbitration is among the most important alternative means of settling disputes outside the ordinary courts, offering a flexibility and efficiency that allow the parties to resolve matters faster and more privately than judicial proceedings permit. It has become the preferred instrument in commercial

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The Profession & Legal Education · 25 January 2025 · 3 min read

Legal Books

Legal books are an essential source for understanding legislation and legal texts. They are the backbone of the development of legal thought and of the knowledge the practice of the profession requires. Lawyers, judges, academics and legal counsel turn to them not only to understand legal texts but

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Civil Law Foundations · 1 December 2024 · 2 min read

Theories of Law

Law is a body of rules ordering human conduct in society, and it has developed through history on the strength of a set of theories that explain its foundation, its nature and its ends. The best known of these theories follow.

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Endowments & Nonprofit · 1 December 2024 · 3 min read

Estates: Legislative History and Legal Development

An estate, or inheritance, is what a deceased person leaves behind of property, rights and debts. It is among the important legal subjects that legislation has ordered since antiquity, so as to distribute wealth and secure social justice. The ordering of estates has developed through history under r

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Corporate & Investment · 1 December 2024 · 4 min read

The Law of Bankruptcy: A Historical View

The law of bankruptcy is the legal framework governing the procedures taken when individuals or companies default on the settlement of their debts. It seeks to strike a balance between protecting the rights of creditors and affording the debtor an opportunity to reorder their financial affairs. Thro

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Civil Law Foundations · 1 December 2024 · 3 min read

The Theory of Obligation in Law

The theory of obligation is among the most important theories in civil law, forming as it does the backbone of the legal relations between individuals. Its purpose is to order the legal bonds joining parties under contractual or non-contractual obligations, and so to secure justice and stability in

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Corporate & Investment · 1 December 2024 · 4 min read

Corporate Governance

Corporate governance is among the pivotal notions of modern management, providing an ordered frame for securing transparency, fairness and responsibility among those concerned with a company. Governance strengthens trust between management, shareholders and stakeholders, which makes it an essential

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Corporate & Investment · 1 December 2024 · 4 min read

Listing and Offering in the Capital Markets

Listing and offering in the capital markets are the backbone of corporate funding and of economic endurance. They are not merely financial procedures but strategic instruments allowing companies to reach capital, strengthen transparency and grow. At the same time, they give investors a range of oppo

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Corporate & Investment · 1 December 2024 · 3 min read

Choosing the Right Legal Entity: The Key to a Successful Business

Choosing the right legal entity is among the most consequential decisions entrepreneurs and small business owners must take when starting their commercial ventures. The legal entity bears heavily on how the business is run, on its legal responsibilities, on its tax obligations, and even on its futur

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 3 min read

The Essential Legal Skills

The essential legal skills a lawyer must hold are many. Among the most important are the following:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 2 min read

How to Write a Legal Research Paper

Writing a legal research paper calls for an exacting method, so that the paper reaches what it set out to do and carries its argument clearly and in order. Here are the steps to follow for a legal research paper that works:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 4 min read

How to Analyse a Legal Text

Analysing a legal text calls for a set of methodical steps if it is to be understood in full and assessed precisely. Here are the principal steps to follow in analyzing any legal text:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 3 min read

The Philosophy of Law

The philosophy of law is the branch of philosophy that studies the theoretical foundations of nature and of law. It seeks to understand under the law is, what values a legal system ought to reflect, and how law may be applied justly and fairly. It takes up many questions: the essential nature of law

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 4 min read

The History of Law

Historically law was never confined to the West: it developed across the various civilisations of the world. What follows is a summary of the history of law in the different great civilisations:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 6 min read

Legal Specialisms

The specialisms of law faculties differ from country to country and from university to university, but they may broadly be divided into several branches, each attending to a particular side of the law. What follows are some of the common specialisms in law faculties:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 3 September 2024 · 12 min read

The Best Known Universities for Law

Law is among the most venerable academic disciplines in the world, and many universities across the world have become known for their distinguished legal programs. What follows are some of the best known universities in the field of law:

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The Profession & Legal Education · 14 March 2024 · 5 min read

The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on the Legal Field: Looking Ahead to the Future of Practice

Where artificial intelligence meets the law, the legal landscape is changing quickly, presenting opportunities and difficulties alike. As the technology advances, its applications in the legal sector develop markedly, offering inventive means of strengthening efficiency and precision and improving a

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Endowments & Nonprofit · 22 November 2023 · 6 min read

The Concealed Bequest in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

In principle a transaction should express the truth of what has been done, and not appear in a form differing from what the parties meant to carry out. Where two persons conclude an agreement transferring ownership of a thing from one to the other, the contract of sale should in principle express th

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Real Estate · 22 November 2023 · 6 min read

The Easement in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

The easement

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Civil Law Foundations · 22 November 2023 · 6 min read

Set-Off in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

The civil codes — the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them — permit an obligation to be extinguished by means equivalent to payment, among them dation in payment, set-off, and merger of patrimonies. The best known of these is set-off. It is a species of payment of a debt, ta

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Civil Law Foundations · 22 November 2023 · 6 min read

Dispositions Made During a Final Illness in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

The Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law issued in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia set out the grounds for acquiring ownership exhaustively, so that no other ground may be relied on in claiming to have acquired it. Nor may a court give judgment confirming ownership save on one of those gro

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Civil Law Foundations · 7 November 2023 · 6 min read

The Contract of Sequestration in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

Sequestration is among the nominate civil contracts whose provisions the civil codes govern, the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them. Given its practical importance, the Egyptian Civil Code devotes a separate chapter to it — the fifth chapter of the third title, on contract

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Real Estate · 7 November 2023 · 6 min read

Subcontracting in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

The civil codes — the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them — permit a contractor to entrust the works he has undertaken to carry out, in whole or in part, to another contractor. This is what is known as a subcontract: a contract by which a contractor asked to carry out work

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Civil Law Foundations · 7 November 2023 · 6 min read

Assignment of Debt in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

The civil codes — the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them — permit a debt to be assigned between the debtor and another person who assumes it in their place, or between the original creditor and another person who assumes the creditor's position. The Committee for the Settl

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Civil Law Foundations · 30 October 2023 · 6 min read

The Counter-Deed in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

Two parties may agree to conceal a contractual relation between them and cast it in an apparent form differing from what they agreed: casting a contract of gift, for instance, in the form of a contract of sale. This is known as simulation. What appears before the world is the agreement in which the

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Real Estate · 30 October 2023 · 6 min read

The Contract for Works and the Contractor's Obligations in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

The contract for works is among the contracts bearing upon work. It is a nominate contract whose provisions the civil codes govern — the Civil Transactions Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Egyptian Civil Code among them. Islamic law has likewise governed its provisions through contracts cl

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Civil Law Foundations · 30 October 2023 · 7 min read

The Contract of Deposit in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

Deposit is among the nominate civil contracts whose provisions the civil codes govern — the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them — and which Islamic law has likewise governed. In the usage of the jurists, a deposit is property placed with a person for safekeeping. Al-Iqna',

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Civil Law Foundations · 30 October 2023 · 6 min read

The Contract of Suretyship in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

Suretyship is among the nominate civil contracts whose provisions the civil codes govern, the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them. Islamic law has likewise governed its provisions. Al-Bahuti defined it as an undertaking by a person of full capacity to produce one who owes a

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Civil Law Foundations · 23 October 2023 · 6 min read

The Contract of Mandate in the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

Mandate is among the nominate civil contracts whose provisions the civil codes govern — the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law among them — and which Islamic law has likewise governed. It is among the contracts bearing upon work.

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Litigation & Enforcement · 23 October 2023 · 7 min read

Civil Liability in the Light of the Egyptian Civil Code and the Civil Transactions Law

What civil liability is

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Civil Law Foundations · 23 October 2023 · 6 min read

Custom in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

Custom is among the formal sources of the legal rule in the Egyptian Civil Code. It is the first of the subsidiary sources following legislation. Article 1 of the Egyptian Civil Code provides that "legislative texts govern all matters they cover in their wording or in their tenor. Where no legislati

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Civil Law Foundations · 21 September 2023 · 6 min read

The Nominate Contracts: The Contract of Sale in the Civil Transactions Law and the Egyptian Civil Code

The contract of sale is among the nominate contracts bearing upon ownership. By the term nominate contracts is meant that class of contracts whose provisions the codifier has governed particularly, because they pass so commonly among people that their rules have settled — gift, partnership and sale

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Litigation & Enforcement · 21 September 2023 · 7 min read

The Oblique Action in the Civil Transactions Law and in the Egyptian Civil Code

The law affords several securities and means to ensure that a debtor performs his obligation. A creditor enjoys two kinds of security over his debtor. First, the general security over all his assets: the creditor is entitled to obtain his debt from them, whether those assets were in the debtor's pat

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Civil Law Foundations · 21 September 2023 · 6 min read

Things and Property in the Civil Transactions Law and in the Egyptian Civil Code

A right is defined as a power in a person which the law recognises and undertakes to protect. It is a legal bond by which the law confers on a person the exclusive command of a thing, or the exclusive entitlement to a particular performance from another. Among its kinds is the patrimonial right, whi

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Civil Law Foundations · 21 September 2023 · 6 min read

Assignment of a Right in the Civil Transactions Law and in the Egyptian Civil Code

An obligation may pass from one creditor to another with all its constituents and characteristics: its qualities, its securities and its defences. This is known in law as assignment, and what concerns us here in particular is the assignment of a right, which bears upon personal rights and not upon r

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Civil Law Foundations · 17 September 2023 · 3 min read

Natural and Juridical Persons Distinguished, in the Light of the Civil Transactions Law and the Provisions of the Egyptian Civil Code

The provisions on personality in the Civil Transactions Law of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia lie close to those of the Egyptian Civil Code. In both, personality divides into two: the natural person and the juridical person.

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Civil Law Foundations · 26 July 2023 · 6 min read

The Sources of Legislation in the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and in the Egyptian Civil Code

The sources of legislation are known under the term "sources of law", by which are meant the formal sources of law. These are the sources from which a judge draws the rule for the dispute before him, without passing beyond them to others, since the judge is bound by the command of his legislator and

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